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This course presents an introduction to the (broad) discipline of fluidmechanics and describes the relationship between fluid mechanics and geologicalprocesses. A lecture outline is given below.The principles of conservation of mass, momentum and energy that arethe basis of fluid mechanics are relatively straightforward, and can beeasily derived. Finding solutions to these equations is in general notstraightforward, and only in very special cases can exact solutions beobtained. Most often (justifiable) approximations must be made to the equationsand boundary conditions in order to obtain solutions. In this class wewill derive or present the very simple governing equations of fluid mechanics(they only appear simple -- these equations describe the rich complexityof flows we see in everyday life: flows in rivers, the atmosphere, wavesin the ocean, flows in the bathtub and kitchen sink, flying airplanes,etc.); we will then look at the different simplifications that can be madefor various classes of problems that allow us to understand the main featuresof common problems in geological and environmental fluid mechanics.For more information about fluid mechanics people and courses at UC Berkeleyvisit Berkeley FluidsClass meeting times:Formal lectures are held Monday and Wednesday from 1:30-3:00 pm.There can be an optional discussion section (time to be arranged) to reviewbasic math, and discuss progress with term projects.Prerequisites:We will be solving ordinary AND partial differential equations in thisclass. We will also be doing lots of vector calculus (sometimes involvingsecond, third and even fourth rank tensors). The first problem set willcover some of the basic mathematical topics that will be commonly used(and are also commonly useful). Integral relations and equations are alsovery useful, but are unfortunately not usually covered in undergraduateclasses.Text and notes:The most suitable book for this class is probably Fluid Physicsin Geology by D.J. Furbish (Oxford University Press,1997). You can compare its table of contents with the topics we coverin class in order to determine what pages you should read.In the outline below I provide references to books other that Furbish.I also include at the end of the outline a list of recommended references.Instructor:Michael Manga (3-8532), McCone 177manga@seismoThere is no GSI for this class.Course evaluation:Homework 25 %Midterm 15 %Final exam 15 %Term paper/project 35 %Term paper/project presentation 10 %Term projects:The term project clearly accounts for a substantial part of the evaluation.The topic of the project is chosen by each student. For undergraduate students,a critical literature review is sufficient. Graduate students, however,must also describe a research project aimed at understanding some processor addressing an unsolved problem. All students are encouraged to attemptto actually solve a problem, wither numerically, or experimentally; equipment,facilities and/or computers may be available.If appropriate studentsmay also work in groups in order to work on more involved projects.Students who register in the class can receive a more detailedlist of suggested projects as a pdf file by email -- contact manga@seismo.berkeley.edu once you register

In the authors words, this book is a comprehensive introductionto the science of wave motions in liquids and gases. There areobvious difficulties in trying to compile an introductory treatisein a single volume on such a broad subject as waves in fluids. Theplan adopted by the author is to analyse in detail fourrepresentative types of waves (in four separate chapters). Withinthis framework, virtually all of the fundamental ideas needed for aproper understanding of waves in fluids are developed. The book istherefore divided into just four long chapters. There is also ashort epilogue outlining briefly some advanced ideas that would notnormally be included in an introductory text.

The first chapter deals with sound waves, and here the necessaryfundamental concepts are developed. The chapter includes:derivation of the wave equation; energy transport and dissipation;and radiation from monopole, dipole and quadrupole sources. Ageneral treatment of radiation from compact sources (sources smallcompared with the wavelength) takes up a large part of the chapter,and this is especially valuable, including many examples ofripple-tank simulations. In this chapter, the treatment of extendedsources is con- fined to those of the familiar simple shapes(spheres and plane pistons). Chapter 2 continues the treatment ofone-dimensional waves, begun in the first chapter, extending it topropagation in tubes, branching struc- tures and wave-guides withvarying cross-section. A large part of this chapter (60 pages) isan extended treatment of non-linear effects, including the develop-ment of shock conditions. Especially useful and reveal- ing is theeight page section covering propagation of non-linear waves inguides with gradually varying com- position and cross-section. Thisshould be of particular interest to some ultrasonics engineers, asit embraces the problem of wave-motion in a fluid horn under severenon-linear conditions.

Taken together, these first two chapters cover non- dispersivewave systems, linear and non-linear, and not necessarily isotropic.The last two chapters extend the linear treatment to includedispersion. The more gen- eral, and much more difficult, analysisof non-linear dispersive waves is not really suitable for anintroductory text, although a brief discussion is included in theepilogue. Chapter 3 is entitled Water Waves. Here, the dynamics ofsurface waves controlled by gravity and surface tension aredveloped. Beyond this, the chapter is notable for an instructivegenera1 discussion of disper- sion in isotropic wave-systems.

explanatory. But in the context of this book, these are wavesdue to stratification, as of a fluid overlying another of greaterdensity, especially gravity waves in relation to the ocean oratmosphere. These are systems for which the phase velocity andgroup velocity may be quite different in direction as well asmagnitude. This chapter includes a general treatment ofray-tracing, and also analyses in detail some importantconsequences of internal waves and sound waves, like steadystreaming, the formation of caustics and the propagation, by wave-guide action, of internal waves over very great distances.

Each chapter opens with a broad statement of the field to beexplored and the problems to be tackled. Although the generalapproach is theoretical, the book is by no means purelymathematical. The physical meaning of the theory is everywherestressed, usually with practical examples. Readers are expected topossess a knowledge of elementary dynamics of fluids and ofmechanical analysis, including the theory of functions of a complexvariable. At the end of each chapter is a selection of about adozen exercises of varying difficulty. These serve to extend thetreatment given in the text. Anyone who, after reading andunderstanding the text, can work through these problems will thenknow a great deal about waves in fluids. 2b1af7f3a8